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Beverly Hills, California

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Beverly Hills is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, surrounded by the cities of Los Angeles and West Hollywood. Originally a Spanish ranch where lima beans were grown, Beverly Hills was incorporated in 1914 by a group of investors who had failed to find oil, but found water instead and eventually decided to develop it into a town. By 2013, its population had grown to 34,658. Sometimes referred to as "90210", one of its primary ZIP codes, it is home to many actors and celebrities. The city includes the Rodeo Drive shopping district and the Beverly Hills Oil Field.

History[]

Early history[]

Gaspar de Portolá arrived in the area that would become Beverly Hills on August 3, 1769, travelling along native trails which followed the present-day route of Wilshire Boulevard.

The area was settled by Maria Rita Quinteros de Valdez and her husband in 1828.[1] They called their 4,500 acres (18 km2) of property the Rancho Rodeo de las Aguas.[2] in 1854, she sold the ranch to Benjamin Davis Wilson (1811–1878) and Henry Hancock (1822–1883).[1] By the 1880s, the ranch had been subdivided into parcels of 75 acres (0.30 km2) and was being rapidly bought up by anglos from Los Angeles and the East coast.[2]

Henry Hammel and Andrew H. Denker acquired most of it and used it for farming lima beans.[1][3] At this point, the area was known as the Hammel and Denker Ranch.[1] By 1888, Denker and Hammel were planning to build a town called Morocco on their holdings.[1][4]

20th century[]

File:Creamery on Hammel and Denker ranch, Beverly Hills, ca.1905 (CHS-2353).jpg

Hammel and Denker ranch, c. 1905

In 1900, Burton E. Green, Charles A. Canfield, Max Whittier, Frank H. Buck, Henry E. Huntington, William G. Kerckhoff, William F. Herrin, W.S. Porter, and Frank H. Balch, formed the Amalgamated Oil Company, bought the Hammel and Denker ranch, and began looking for oil.[1][5][6] They did not find enough to exploit commercially by the standards of the time, though.[6] In 1906, therefore, they reorganized as the Rodeo Land and Water Company, renamed the property "Beverly Hills," subdivided it, and began selling lots.[6][7] The development was named "Beverly Hills" after Beverly Farms in Beverly, Massachusetts and because of the hills in the area.[5][6] The first house in the subdivision was built in 1907, although sales remained slow.[8]

Beverly Hills was one of many all-white planned communities started in the Los Angeles area around this time.[9] Restrictive covenants prohibited non-whites from owning or renting property unless they were employed as servants by white residents.[4]:57 It was also forbidden to sell or rent property to Jews in Beverly Hills.[10]

File:BeverlyHillsHotel02.jpg

The Beverly Hills Hotel (of which only a newer part is clearly visible here) was the first substantial building project in what developed into Beverly Hills.

Burton Green began construction on The Beverly Hills Hotel in 1911. The hotel was finished in 1912. The visitors drawn by the hotel were inclined to purchase land in Beverly Hills, and by 1914 the subdivision had a high enough population to incorporate as an independent city.[5] That same year, the Rodeo Land and Water Company decided to separate its water business from its real estate business. The Beverly Hills Utility Commission was split off from the land company and incorporated in September 1914, buying all of the utilities-related assets from the Rodeo Land and Water Company.[11]

File:Pickfair-1920.jpg

Aerial view of Pickfair, 1920

In 1919, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford bought land on Summit Drive and built a mansion, finished in 1921[12] and nicknamed "Pickfair" by the press.[13] The glamor associated with Fairbanks and Pickford as well as other movie stars who built mansions in the city contributed to its growing appeal.[12]

By the early 1920s the population of Beverly Hills had grown enough to make the water supply a political issue.[14] In 1923 the usual solution, annexation to the city of Los Angeles, was proposed.[2]:65 There was considerable opposition to annexation among such famous residents as Pickford, Fairbanks, Will Rogers[15] and Rudolph Valentino.[16] The Beverly Hills Utility Commission, opposed to annexation as well, managed to force the city into a special election and the plan was defeated 337 to 507.[2]:65

File:Downtown Beverly Hills At Night.jpg

Downtown Beverly Hills at night with Century City in the distance

In 1925, Beverly Hills approved a bond issue to buy 385 acres (1.6 km2) for a new campus for UCLA. The cities of Los Angeles, Santa Monica and Venice also issued bonds to help pay for the new campus.[17] In 1928, the Beverly Wilshire Apartment Hotel (now the Beverly Wilshire Hotel) opened on Wilshire Boulevard between El Camino and Rodeo drives, part of the old Beverly Hills Speedway.[18] That same year oilman Edward L. Doheny finished construction of Greystone Mansion, a 55-room mansion meant as a wedding present for his son Edward L. Doheny, Jr. The house is now owned by the city of Beverly Hills.[19]

In the early 1930s, Santa Monica Park was renamed Beverly Gardens and was extended to span the entire two-mile (3-kilometer) length of Santa Monica Boulevard through the city. The Electric Fountain marks the corner of Santa Monica Blvd. and Wilshire Blvd. with a small sculpture at the top of a Tongva kneeling in prayer. In April 1931, the new Italian Renaissance-style Beverly Hills City Hall was opened.[8]:9

In the early 1940s, black actors and businessmen had begun to move into Beverly Hills, despite the covenants allowing only whites to live in the city. A neighborhood improvement association attempted to enforce the covenant in court. The defendants included such luminaries as Hattie McDaniel, Louise Beavers, and Ethel Waters. Among the white residents supporting the lawsuit against blacks was silent film star Harold Lloyd. The NAACP participated in the defense, which was successful. In his decision, federal judge Thurmond Clarke said that it was time that "members of the Negro race are accorded, without reservations or evasions, the full rights guaranteed to them under the 14th amendment."[20] The United States Supreme Court declared restrictive covenants unenforceable in 1948 in Shelley v. Kraemer. A group of Jewish residents of Beverly Hills filed an amicus brief in this case.[21]

In 1956, Paul Trousdale (1915–1990) purchased the grounds of the Doheny Ranch and developed it into the Trousdale Estates, convincing the city of Beverly Hills to annex it.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28] The neighborhood has been home to Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Tony Curtis, Ray Charles, President Richard Nixon and, more recently, Jennifer Aniston, David Spade, Vera Wang, and John Rich.[25][29][30]

In the late 1990s, the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA) proposed to build an extension of the Metro Red Line along Wilshire Boulevard and into downtown Beverly Hills, but the city opposed it.[31]

21st century[]

In 2001, LACMTA then proposed a bus rapid transit route down Santa Monica Blvd., but this was also opposed by the city and never built. Currently this stretch of road is served by less efficient Metro Rapid buses using pre-existing roadways.[31] By 2010, traffic in Beverly Hills and surrounding areas had grown bad enough that the city's habitual opposition had largely turned to support for subways within the city limits.[32] As part of the Westside Subway Extension project, the Purple Line of the LA Metro Rail is planned to be extended through Beverly Hills, adding two underground stations at Wilshire/La Cienega and Wilshire/Rodeo by the 2020s.[33]

References[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Marc Wanamaker (November 16, 2005). Early Beverly Hills. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-3068-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=gwMyg0wEdDEC. Retrieved August 17, 2012. 
  3. ↑ Joy Horowitz (July 19, 2007). Parts Per Million: The Poisoning of Beverly Hills High School. Penguin. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-670-03798-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=WjLUcoe5j00C&pg=PA42. Retrieved August 17, 2012. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Michael Gross (November 1, 2011). Unreal Estate: Money, Ambition, and the Lust for Land in Los Angeles. Random House Digital, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7679-3265-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=ykMXJOD0FyAC&pg=PR15. Retrieved August 17, 2012. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Alexander Garvin (June 19, 2002). The American City. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-07-137367-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=-0h134NR1s0C&pg=PA383. Retrieved August 18, 2012. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Marc Wanamaker, Early Beverly Hills, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2005, pp. 17–18 [1]
  7. ↑ Professor Robert M. Fogelson (September 28, 2007). Bourgeois Nightmares: Suburbia, 1870–1930. Yale University Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-300-12417-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=iT73NUD-3vEC&pg=PA186. Retrieved August 18, 2012. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Marc Wanamaker (October 18, 2006). Beverly Hills: 1930–2005. Arcadia Publishing. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-7385-4659-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=CRZ1dl-p_-4C&pg=PA69. Retrieved August 18, 2012. 
  9. ↑ James W. Loewen (September 29, 2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension Of American Racism. The New Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-59558-674-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=FPxJ_aG_B-8C. Retrieved August 19, 2012. 
  10. ↑ Andrew Wiese (December 15, 2005). Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century. University of Chicago Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-226-89625-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=Uj-aqw8IhWcC&pg=PA42. Retrieved August 19, 2012. 
  11. ↑ Railroad Commission of the State of California (1919). Decisions of the Railroad Commission of the State of California. Superintendent of State Printing. p. 897. http://books.google.com/books?id=kRs4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA897. Retrieved August 18, 2012. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Robert Fishman (March 31, 1989). Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise And Fall Of Suburbia. Basic Books. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-465-00747-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=-0AMqfU9bzQC&pg=PA168. Retrieved August 18, 2012. 
  13. ↑ Karie Bible; Marc Wanamaker; Harry Medved (November 29, 2010). Location Filming in Los Angeles. Arcadia Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-7385-8132-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=XJTLWHephfwC&pg=PA93. Retrieved August 18, 2012. 
  14. ↑ Debra Ann Pawlak (January 10, 2012). Bringing Up Oscar: The Story of the Men and Women Who Founded the Academy. Open Road Media. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-4532-2618-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=4oMwz-jS3F8C&pg=PT135. Retrieved August 18, 2012. 
  15. ↑ Norma Zager (October 1, 2010). Erin Brockovich and the Beverly Hills Greenscam. Pelican Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-58980-810-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=zh5pGhDb-vYC&pg=PA141. Retrieved August 18, 2012. 
  16. ↑ Clarence Y. H. Lo (January 23, 1990). Small Property versus Big Government: Social Origins of the Property Tax Revolt, Expanded and Updated edition. University of California Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-520-05971-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=FvAyqpIMHwQC&pg=PA164. Retrieved August 18, 2012. 
  17. ↑ Marina Dundjerski (June 16, 2012). UCLA: The First Century. Third Millennium Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-906507-37-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=WbLr-4QteEYC&pg=PA42. Retrieved August 18, 2012. 
  18. ↑ Linda Bauer; Steve Bauer (November 1, 2008). Recipes from Historic California: A Restaurant Guide and Cookbook. Taylor Trade Publications. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-58979-348-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=kzfEk4PfVlAC&pg=PA199. Retrieved August 18, 2012. 
  19. ↑ Scott B. MacDonald; Jane Elizabeth Hughes (February 28, 2009). Separating Fools from Their Money: A History of American Financial Scandals. Transaction Publishers. p. 100n. ISBN 978-1-4128-1054-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=pV9cGvEb3ocC&pg=PA100. Retrieved August 18, 2012. 
  20. ↑ Stephen Grant Meyer (October 1, 2001). As Long As They Don't Move Next Door: Segregation and Racial Conflict in American Neighborhoods. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8476-9701-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=FCrouSLl3pYC&pg=PA76. Retrieved August 19, 2012. 
  21. ↑ Steve Sheppard (April 1, 2007). The History of Legal Education in the United States: Commentaries And Primary Sources. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.. p. 948n. ISBN 978-1-58477-690-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=XQgrjw9qiqcC&pg=PA948. Retrieved August 19, 2012. 
  22. ↑ Myrna Oliver, Lucy Doheny Battson, 100; Family Made Fortune in Oil, The Los Angeles Times, June 22, 1993
  23. ↑ Mary Ann Bonino, The Doheny Mansion: A Biography of a Home, 2008, p. 65 [2]
  24. ↑ Don Sloper, Los Angeles's Chester Place, Arcadia Publishing, 2007, p. 65 [3]
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Erika Riggs, Elvis' Beverly Hills home goes on the market, NBC
  26. ↑ Marc Wanamaker, Early Beverly Hills, Arcadia Publishing, 2005, p. 51 [4]
  27. ↑ Ann Herold, Trousdale Estates, Los Angeles, January 9, 2012
  28. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
  29. ↑ Max Feeney, Nixon at the Movies: A Book about Belief, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 2012, p. 38 [5]
  30. ↑ Lauren Beale, Hot Property: TV and film director John Rich lists Trousdale Estates home at $11.9 million, The Los Angeles Times, June 6, 2011
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Template:Schwieterman-Leaves-Western
  32. ↑ Austin Troy (January 10, 2012). The Very Hungry City: Urban Energy Efficiency and the Economic Fate of Cities. Yale University Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-300-16231-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=veq_IKVtuZcC&pg=PA201. Retrieved August 18, 2012. 
  33. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities at line 38: bad argument #1 to 'ipairs' (table expected, got nil).
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