Hervenish Language

The official language of the Hervenum Empire, modeled mainly on Latin and Greek. Currently used rarely, for the so-called common language. However, it can be found in all sorts of old texts. Spelling and pronunciation

A - [ɑ] B - [b] C - [k], but before "e" and "i" like [ts]. Before "i", "e", "v", “w”, "y", “z” and sometimes before “s” sound [k] is expressed by "q". CH - [tʃ] D - [d] E - [e] F - [f] G - [g] GH - [dʒ] H - [h] I - [i] (causes softening only after "n", it is never asyllabic) J - [ʒ] K - [x] (meaning soundless [h]) L - [l] M - [m] N - [n] NY - [ɲ] (a sound bonded with "ñ" in Spanish) O - [ɔː] P - [p] Q - [k] (used only before "e", 'i "," v ", “w”, " y ", “z”, sometimes before “s”) R - [r] S - [s] SH - [ʃ] T - [t] TZ - [ts] U - [u] (never asyllabic) V - [v] W - [w] X - [ks] (note: if the letters "c" and "s" or "q" and "s" follow each other as a result of combining two different morphemes to which they belong, then the resulting sound [ks] is not written with the letter "x", only with the double character" qs") Y - [j] Z - [z] If the change would cause that a given letter or two-character would start to have a different voice, then it should be replaced with a different one.

In case the combined words would be too difficult to pronounce, put the letter "-e-" between them (e.g. "opsum" - "eye", "vitrum" - "glass", "opsevitrums" - "glasses" ). If a combination or variation of words would produce an undesirable double character that would change the pronunciation (sometimes even meaning), a hyphen must be used. Grammar Syntax The sequence of words in the sentence is basically arbitrary - but the article must always be before the noun (or before the adjective or adverb, or it may not be there at all), and the default word order is: "SVO" - "Subject-Verb -Object". There is also a difference between the order "adjective-noun" and "noun-adjective" - ​​the first is the default, but the second is usually used when the relationship between the adjective and noun is closer than in the first case, very often metaphorical. The order "noun-adjective" is usually used in scientific terms or to aspire to a higher style of expression. Article (Articolum) They do not change by case or number. Definite (Orezishtals) Los - male La - female Lon - common Lum - neuter (also before adverbs) Indefinite (Nonorezishtals) Unos - male Una - female Una - female Unum - neuter (also before adverbs) Noun (Substantivum) Numbers (Numerums) We form the plural with the ending "-s", and if the pronunciation "s" would be too difficult, the ending is "-es" (with some exceptions, like the first person plural of the present tense). Genders There are four grammatical genders: male with the ending "-os", female - "-a", neuter - "-um", and common - "-on". The masculine gender is given to nouns that mean male beings (e.g. "viros" - "male"), female - known female (e.g. "fema" - "female"), neuter - asexual objects and beings, especially inanimated objects (e.g. "montum" - "mountain") and common (on Earth occurring e.g. in Swedish, Danish or Dutch) - to unknown sex beings (e.g. "antropon" - "human"), as well as androgynes, like most of plants. Cases (Casums)  There are six cases - nominative (nominativum), genitive (genivum), dative (dativum), accusative (acuzativum), ablative ("ablativum", used to express being the instrumentplace or subject, as well as answer the questions: "From whom? From what?", so is sometimes called "derivative") and vocative (vocativum). Nom. Viros Vires Gen. Viris Virises Dat. Viromt Viromtes Acc. Virom Viroms Abl. Viroyd Viroydes Voc. Viri! Viries! Nom. Fema Femas Gen. Femax Femaxes Dat. Femar Femars Acc. Femam Femams Abl. Femad Femades Voc. Femomd! Femomdes! Nom. Antropon Antropons Gen. Antropez Antropezes Dat. Antropel Antropels Acc. Antropim Antropims Abl. Antropem Antropems Voc. Antropemt! Antropemtes! Nom. Montum Montums Gen. Montuems Montuemses Dat. Montuol Montuols Acc. Montun Montuns Abl. Montut Montutes Voc. Montux! Montuxes! Verb (Verbum) Infinite (Infinitivum): Estir - to be Present tense (Kronum nuncal): Singular: Mu esto - I am Tu estesht - you are  Lu/Qyu/Wu/Yu/Hu estet - he / she / it (common type) / it (neuter type) is / (one) is Ezu/Esu estot - you are, sir/madame Plural: Nu estoes - we are Vu esteshtes - you are  Eyu/Ilu/Elu/Iyu estetes - they / they (feminine) / they (common) / they (neuter) are Gu/Ghu/Igu estotes - gentlemen / ladies / ladies and gentlemen are Past tense (Kronum pretrenghal): Singular Mu estosh Tu estesch Lu/Qyu/Wu/Yu/Hu estech Ezu/Esu estomch Plural: Nu estoshes Vu esteshtes Eyu/Ilu/Elu/Iyu esteches Gu/Ghu/Igu estomches Future tense (Kronum futural): Singular: Mu estoyz Tu estestz Lu/Qyu/Wu/Yu/Hu estetz Ezu/Esu estomtz Plural: Nu estoyzes Vu estesces Eyu/Ilu/Elu/Iyu esteces Gu/Ghu/Igu estomces Imperative (Emclum dyatagendal, literally: “commanding mode”): Singular: Mu estor Tu esterst Lu/Qyu/Wu/Yu/Hu estert Ezu/Esu estormt Plural: Nu estors Vu esterstes Eyu/Ilu/Elu/Iyu estertes Gu/Ghu/Igu estormtes Conditional (Emclum finxendal, literally: “supposing mode”): Singular Mu estol Tu estelst Lu/Qyu/Wu/Yu/Hu estelt Ezu/Esu estolmt Plural Nu estols Vu estelstes Eyu/Ilu/Elu/Iyu esteltes Gu/Ghu/Igu estolmtes Participles (Participums):


 * "-end-" - present participle, present tense
 * "-engh-" - present participle, past tense
 * "-enz-" - present participle, future tense
 * "-it-" - past participle, present tense
 * "-isht-" - past participle, past tense
 * "-ich-" - past participle, future tense

Compound tenses:


 * Present perfect (but it’s generally used to express the past)- auxiliary verb “to be” in the present tense + main verb in the past active adjectival participle (eg “Agir” - “to do”, “Mu esto agenghal” - “I did/I have done”);
 * Past Perfect (Plusqvamperfectal) - the auxiliary verb “to be” in the past tense + the main verb in the past active adjectival participle (eg “Agir” - “to do”, “Mu estosh agenghal” - “I had done”;
 * Future Perfect - auxiliary verb “to have” in the future tense + main verb in the past active adjectival participle (eg “Agir” - “to do”, “Mu estoyz agenghal” - “I will have done”)  Adjective (Adyectivum)

It can be recognized by the ending "-al" in the singular nominative. Variation by cases: Benal - good Nom. Benal Benals Gen. Benalz Benalzes Dat. Benalt Benaltes Acc. Benaln Benalnes Abl. Benald Benaldes Voc. Benali! Benalies! Gradation (Gradatzum): Benal - good Plus benal - better Lum plim benal - the best Adverb (Adverbum) The ending of adverbs is "-e". Gradation: Bene - well Plus bene - better Lum plim bene - best Numerals (Numernomums) 0 - Nul 1 - Uno 2 - Duo 3 - Trio 4 - Tetre 5 - Penti 6 - Hix 7 - Sept 8 - Okt 9 - Nen 10 - Detz 100 - Hect 1000 - Qil The names of the other numerals are created agglutinatively, e.g. "detz uno" - "11"; "detz duo" - "12", "duodetz" - "20" etc. The powers of amillion (e.g., "millionum" - "million", "miliardum" - "billion") are formally nouns. Pronouns (Pronomums) Personal Singular Mu - I Tu - you (only singular) Lu - he Qyu - she Wu - it/they (common, singular) Yu - ono (neuter) Ezu - sir (male formal version of singular “you”) Esu - madame (female formal version of singular “you”) Plural Nu - we Vu - you Eyu - they (male) Ilu - they (female) Elu - they (common) Iyu - they (neuter) Gu - gentlemen (male formal version of plural “you”) Ghu - ladies  (female formal version of plural “you”) Igu - ladies and gentlemen (common formal version of plural “you”) Others


 * Hu - one (indefinite pronoun used in impersonal constructions, such as "one can", “one must ","one should"; verbs with this pronoun change the same as in the third person singular) Su - oneself (reflexive pronoun)
 * All personal pronouns have the same declination as adjectives.

Correlatives Glossary (Lexatulum): Legend:


 * (n) - noun
 * (v) - verb
 * (adj) - adjective
 * (adv) - adverb

Affixes (Cumfixums)
Hervenish language is essentially an agglutinative language, so new words are largely kept together by sticking together the old ones, especially by using prefixes and suffixes: Prefixes (Prefixums)


 * "arch-" - arch- (e.g. "ministros" - "minister", "archministros" - "prime minister")
 * "des-" - removing something, an opposite
 * "di-" - division, acting in different directions (e.g. "darir" - "give", "didarir" - "give away")
 * "dis-" - incorrect (e.g. "awdir" - "hear", "disawdir" - "mishear")
 * "en-" - supplying something (e.g. "dendraton" - "forest", "endendratizir" - "afforestation")
 * "ex-" - former
 * "mal-" - moral condemnation
 * "prey-" - putting the details together (e.g. "laborir" - "to work", "preylaborir" - "to elaborate")
 * "prim-" - primordial (e.g. "patros" - "father", "primpatros" - "grandfather")
 * "ri-" - again (e.g. "scribir" - "write", "riscribir" - "rewrite") Suffixes (Stafixums):

Chosen sentences (Elgishtals protazums): Mu esto antropem et nunum, qvum estet antropal, non estet mut xenal. Oyqvun tu facesht, facerst prude et bleperst lum finun. Dural yurum, sed yurum Lum lexum egvolet lon paserem, cay riftanet lon bovem. Salvormt, Cezari! Lon mortenzons ceretoes Ezun!
 * "-ac-" - bad quality, ugliness (e.g. "domum" - "house", "domacum" - "shanty")
 * "-ad-" - an item with a feature
 * "-alv-" - a container for something, a vessel, a cloth (e.g. "manum" - "hand", "manalvum" - "glove")
 * "-an-" - member, resident, oxygen acid salt (e.g. "sulfum" - sulfur, "sulfanum" - "sulfate")
 * "-ar-" - place (e.g. "librum" - "book", "librarum" - "library")
 * "-ark-" - administrator (e.g. "urbum" - "city", "urbarkon" - "mayor")
 * "-artz-" - a part of something (e.g. "vingum" - "chain", "vingartzum" - "a link", "a nexus")
 * "-at-" - collection (e.g. "dendron" - "tree", "dendraton" - "forest")
 * "-atz-" - activity, especially if it lasts longer, often also the imperfect aspect
 * "-ay-" - high intensity (e.g. "termal" - "warm"; "termayal" - "hot")
 * "-ef-" - to produce, to emit something (e.g. "sangvum" - "blood", "sangvefir" - "to bleed")
 * "-em-" - fraction (e. g. "duo" - "two", "duoemum" - "half")
 * "-emd-" - necessary to be done
 * "-er-" - tool
 * "-imn-" - logarithms, number systems ("detz" - "ten", "detzimnal" - "decimal"), and also generally converts qualitative and relational adjectives to the possesive one’s (e.g. "termal" - "warm", "termimnal" - "of the heat", "heat-related", e.g. "gradum termimnal" - "heat degree").
 * "-ibl-" - suitable for something (e.g. "lectir" - "read", "lectiblal" - "readable")
 * "-id-" - young individual, child (e.g. "cinon" - "dog", "cinidon" - "puppy"), as well as an anaerobic acid salt (e.g. "sulfum" - "sulfur", "sulfidum" - "sulfide")
 * "-if-" - become (e.g. "magnal" - "large", "magnifir" - "to grow")
 * "-ign-" - worthy of something (e.g. "punir" - "to punish", "punignal" - "shameful")
 * "-ist-" - specialist, professional (e.g. "mensum" - "table", "mensiston" - "carpenter")
 * "-iv-" - capable of something (eg "vijir" - "see", "vijival" - "able to see", "nonvijival" - "blind")
 * "-iz-" - give characteristics (e.g. "magnal" - "large", "magnizir" - "to increase")
 * "-ob-" - kill by something, somehow (e.g. "litum" - "stone", "litobir" - "to lapidate")
 * "-oid-" - similar to something
 * "-or-" - possessor of some attributes (e.g. "plowzal" - "rich", "plowzoron" - "a rich person")
 * "-oyz-" - full of something (e. g. "montum" - "mountain", "montoyzal" - "mountainous")
 * "-oz-" - disease (e.g. "frigal" - "cold", "frigozum" - "a cold"; "zucarum" - "sugar", "zucarozum" - "diabetes")
 * "-ud-" - feature (e.g. "acral" - "tall", "high", "acrudum" - "height", " tallness")
 * "-ul-" - low intensity, diminutive (e.g. "dendron" - "tree", "dendrulon" - "tree"), in combination with the suffix "-an-" forms the names of salts of acids that are not of the highest oxidation state (e.g. "sulfum" - "sulfur", "sulfanulum" - "sulfite")
 * "-upl-" - multiple (e.g. "duo" - "two", "duouplal" - double ")